8.     Duchamp emphasized the importance of scale. Duchamp stated, "Scale...is highly important" (as cited in Bonk, 1989, p. 184). I believe that the Fountain urinal, his Rebus drawing (1961) (where a toilet is shown emptying into the Seine River), and his L.H.O.O.Q., (1919) (his Mona Lisa readymade, where Leonardo's concept of the universal cycling water system of the earth is famously depicted in the background) all appear as isolated 3-D facts but are invisibly linked parts of a larger 4-D macrocosmic whole that we were meant to deduce. Therefore, the urinal represents the macrocosmic scale in this readymade series of the 3 scales of nature. I am grateful to Jeffrey Epstein for pointing out that the H.O.O. in the title of L.H.O.O.Q. might be read as H2O, the chemical formula of water (personal communication, September 1997).